‌‌‌‌　　英：alienation;法：alienation;德：Entfremdung

‌‌‌‌　　“异化”这一术语并非弗洛伊德理论词汇的组成部分。在拉康的著作中，此一术语同时隐含着对于精神病学与哲学的参照。

‌‌‌‌　　- 精神病学 19 世纪的法国精神病学 (例如：皮奈尔)曾把心理疾病构想为某种“心理异化”(alienationmentale)，而在法语中表示“疯子”的一个惯用措辞即“遭异化者”(aliéne)（这也是拉康自己使用过的一个术语；Ec, 154）。

‌‌‌‌　　- 哲学“异化”一词是对在黑格尔与马克思的哲学中起着重要作用的德文术语"Entfremdung"的惯常译法。然而，拉康的异化概念在很大程度上却不同于该术语在黑格尔哲学与马克思主义传统中被使用的方式 (正如雅克-阿兰·米勒所指出的；S11,215)。对拉康而言，异化并非是降临于主体且能够被超越的一种偶有属性 (accident)2，而是主体的一项基本构成性特征。主体从根本上是分裂 (SPLIT)的，是异化于其自身的，而且也没有任何从此一割裂中逃脱的出口，没有任何"整体”(wholeness)或综合 (synthesis)的可能性。

‌‌‌‌　　自我是通过认同相似者而构成的，异化便是此一过程的一个不可避免的结果：“自我的最初综合在本质上是另一自我（alterego），它是遭到异化的”(S 3,39)。用兰波的话说，即“我是一个他者”(E, 23)。因而，异化属于想象秩序：“异化是想象秩序的构成性要素。异化即想象界本身”(S3,146)。尽管异化是所有主体性的一项本质性特征，但精神病却代表着一种更加极端的异化形式。

‌‌‌‌　　拉康创造了外心性 (EXTIMACY)这一术语来指代此种异化的性质，相异性 (alterity)在其中居于主体最内在的核心。拉康将《研讨班 X: 精神分析的四个基本概念》的整个第 16 章专门用来讨论异化及其相关的分离 (separation)概念。

‌‌‌‌　　(alienation) Theterm 'alienation'does not constitute part of Freud's theoreticalvocabulary. In Lacan's work theterm implies both psychiatric and philosophicalreferences:

‌‌‌‌　　- Psychiatry French psychiatry in the nineteenth century (e.g.Pinel) conceived ofmental illness as alienation mentale, and a common term in French for 'madman'15aliene (a term which Lacan himself uses; Ec, 154).

‌‌‌‌　　- Philosophy The term 'alienation'is the usual translation for the German term Entfremdung which features in the philosophy of Hegel and Marx. However, the Lacanian concept of alienation differs greatly from the ways that the term is employed inthe Hegelian and Marxist tradition (as Jacques-Alain Miller points out; S11,215). For Lacan, alienation is not an accident that befalls the subject and which can be transcended, but an essential constitutive feature of the subject. The subject is fundamentally SPLIT, alienated from himself, and there is no escape from this division, no possibility ofwholeness'or synthesis.

‌‌‌‌　　Alienation is an inevitable consequence of the process by which the ego is constitutedby identification with the counterpart: the initial synthesis of the ego is essentially analter ego, it is alienated' (S3,39). In Rimbaud's words,'I is an other' (E, 23). Thusalienation belongs to the imaginary order: 'Alienation is constitutive of the imaginaryorder. Alienation is the imaginary as such' (S3,146). Although alienation is an essentialcharacteristic of all subjectivity, psychosis represents a more extreme form of alienation.

‌‌‌‌　　Lacan coined the term EXTIMACY to designate the nature of this alienation, in whichalterity inhabits the innermost core of the subject. Lacan devotes the whole of chapter 16of The Seminar, Book XI. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (1964a) toa discussion of alienation and the related concept of separation.