‌‌‌‌　　英：hallucination: 法：hallucination

‌‌‌‌　　在精神病学上，幻觉通常被定义为“错误知觉”(false percepios), 也就是说，是“在缺乏适当外部刺激的情况下”所产生的知觉 (Hughes, 1981:208: 见：美国精神病学协会，1987:398)。拉康发觉这样的定义并不充分，因为它们皆忽视了意义与意指的维度 (Ec, 77; 见：E, 180)。幻觉是精神病 (PSYCHOSIS)的一种典型现象，它们通常是听觉性的（听见一些声音），但也同样可能是视觉性、躯体性、触觉性、嗅觉性或者味觉性的。

‌‌‌‌　　拉康认为，精神病的幻觉是排除 (FORECLOSURE)运作的结果。排除指的是父亲的名义 (NAME-OF-THE-FATHER)从精神病主体的象征世界中缺位。幻觉是这一遭到排除的能指在实在界的维度上的返回，“那些未曾曝光在象征界之中的事物便会出现在实在界之中”(Ec, 388)。这不应与投射 (PROJECTION)相混淆，后者被拉康看作神经症而非精神病所特有的一种机制。在这一区分中，拉康遵循了弗洛伊德对于施瑞伯的幻觉的分析：“在内部遭到抑制的知觉会被投射向外部，这样的说法是不正确的：事实正好相反，正如我们现在所看到的那样，在内部遭到废除的事物会从外部返回”(Freud, 1911c:SEXⅡ，71).

‌‌‌‌　　虽然幻觉最常被联系于精神病，但是从另一种意义上说，它们也在所有主体的欲望结构中扮演着某种重要的角色。弗洛伊德声称：“最初的愿望似乎是对于满足记忆的某种幻觉式贯注。”Freud. 1900a: SE V.598)

‌‌‌‌　　(hallucination) Hallucinations are usually defined in psychiatry as 'false perceptions', that is, perceptions which arise in the absence of an appropriate external stimulus' (Hughes, 1981:208; see American Psychiatric Association, 1987:398). Lacan finds suchdefinitions inadequate, since they ignore the dimension of meaning and signification (Ec, 77; see E, 180). Hallucinations are a typical phenomenon of PSYCHOSIS, and areusually auditory (hearing voices), but may also be visual, somatic, tactile, olfactory, orgustatory.

‌‌‌‌　　Lacan argues that psychotic hallucinations are a consequence of the operation ofFORECLOSURE. Foreclosure refers to the absence of the NAME-OF-THE-FATHERfrom the symbolic universe of the psychotic subject. A hallucination is the return of thisforeclosed signifier in the dimension of the real;'that which has not emerged into thelight of the symbolic appears in the real' (Ec, 388). This is not to be confused withPROJECTION, which Lacan regards as a mechanism proper to neurosis rather thanpsychosis. In this distinction, Lacan follows Freud's analysis of Schreber'shallucinations;'It was incorrect to say that the perception which suppressed intemnally isprojected outwards; the truth is rather, as we now see, that what was abolished internallyreturns from without' (Freud, 1911c: SE XII, 71).

‌‌‌‌　　While hallucinations are most commonly associated with psychosis, there is anothersense in which they play an important part in the structure of desire in all subjects. Freudargues that '[t]he first wishing seems to have been a hallucinatory cathecting of thememory of satisfaction' (Freud, 1900a: SE V, 598).