‌‌‌‌　　拉：imago

‌‌‌‌　　“意象”(imago)一词最初是由荣格在1911年引入精神分析理论的，到1930年代拉康开始接受精神分析家的训练的时候，这一拉丁文术语已然变成了精神分析术语学中的标准词汇。该术语与“形象”(image)一词有着明显的联系，但是它意在强调形象的主观决定性：换句话说，意象既囊括了各种感觉，又包含了一种视觉表象。这些意象尤其涉及他人的形象 (荣格提到有父亲的、母亲的与手足的意象)；然而，它们并非是纯粹个人经验的产物，而是能够在任何人的精神中得到实现的普遍的原型。这些意象充当着刻板印象的作用，从而影响到主体与他人建立关系的方式，因为主体是经由这些不同意象的透镜来感知他人的。

‌‌‌‌　　“意象”这一术语在拉康1950年代以前的作品中占据着一个核心的角色，在那里它与情结 (COMPLEX)这个术语有着紧密的关联①。在1938年，拉康把三个家庭情结分别联系于一种特定的意象：断奶情结联系着母亲乳房的意象，闯入情结联系着相似者的意象，而俄狄浦斯情结则联系着父亲的意象 (Lacan, 1938)。在1946年，拉康指出，通过阐述意象的概念，精神分析便给心理学 (PSYCHOLOGY)提供了一种专门的研究对象，因而把心理学奠定在了一种真正具有科学性的地基之上：“以意象来指定心理学的专门对象…是可能的，恰好是就同样的意义而言，伽利略的惯性质点 (inert material point)的概念构成了物理学的基础。”(Ec, 188)

‌‌‌‌　　尽管对于荣格和克莱因而言，这些意象都同样具有积极性与消极性的效应，然而在拉康的著作中，它们却稳固地偏重于消极性，而在根本上是欺骗性与破坏性的元素。拉康谈到了碎裂的身体 (FRAGMENTED BODY)的意象，而即便诸如镜像这样的统一性意象，也都只不过是引入了某种潜在侵凌性的整体性“幻象”(lusion)。“在人类身上出现的第一个意象的效果，即一种主体性‘异化' (alienation)的效果”(Ec, l81, 强调为原文所加)。

‌‌‌‌　　在1950年之后，“意象”这个术语便几乎从拉康的理论词汇中完全消失了。然而，在拉康1950年代以前的作品中围绕着该术语而发展起来的这些基本思想，继续在他的思想中扮演着一个重要的角色，只不过它们是围绕着其他的术语，主要是“形象”一词来表达。

‌‌‌‌　　Originally introduced into psychoanalytic theory by Jung in 1911, the Latin term imagohad already become standard in psychoanalytic terminology by the time Lacan begantraining as a psychoanalyst in the 1930s. The term is clearly related to the term 'image', but it is meant to emphasise the subjective determination of the image; in other words, itincludes feelings as well as a visual representation. Images are specifically images ofother people (Jung mentions paternal, maternal and frateral imagos); however, they arenot the product of purely personal experience but universal prototypes which may beactualised in anyone's psyche. Imagos act as stereotypes influencing the way the subjectrelates to other people, who are perceived through the lens of these various imagos.

‌‌‌‌　　The term 'imago'occupies a central role in Lacan's pre-1950 writings, where it isclosely related to the term COMPLEX. In 1938, Lacan links each of the three familycomplexes to a specific imago: the weaning complex is linked to the imago of thematernal breast,'the intrusion complex to the imago of the counterpart, and the Oedipuscomplex to the imago of the father (Lacan, 1938). In 1946, Lacan argues that in formulating the concept of the imago, psychoanalysis has provided PSYCHOLOGY witha proper object of study and thus set psychology on a truly scientific footing: 'it ispossible... To designate in the imago the proper object of psychology, exactly to the sameextent that Galileo's notion of the inert material point formed the basis of physics' (Ec, 188)-

‌‌‌‌　　Whereas for Jung and Klein imagos have equally positive and negative effects, in Lacan's work they are weighted firmly towards the negative, being fundamentallydeceptive and disruptive elements. Lacan speaks of the imago of the FRAGMENTEDBODY, and even unified imagos such as the specular image are mere illusions ofwholeness which introduce an underlying aggressivity. The first effect of the imagowhich appears in the human being is an effect of subjective alienation' (Ec, 181, emphasis in original).

‌‌‌‌　　After 1950, the term imago'disappears almost entirely from Lacan's theoreticalvocabulary. However, the basic ideas developed around the term in Lacan's pre-1950writings continue to play an important part in his thinking, being articulated around otherterms, principally the term'image'.