‌‌‌‌　　英：split; 法：refente

‌‌‌‌　　弗洛伊德谈到“自我的分裂”(德：Ich-spaltung; 法：clivage dumoi; 英：splitting of the ego)是在恋物癖与精神病中可观察到的一种过程，借由此种过程，针对现实的两种相互矛盾的态度得以在自我中并存，即接受与拒认 (DISAVOWAL)的态度 (见：Freud, 1940b)。拉康进一步阐发了“分裂”的概念 (他更喜欢用“refente"这一术语来翻译弗洛伊德的“Spaltung”一词)，用它来指代主体性本身的一种普遍特征，而不是恋物癖或者精神病所独有的一种过程，主体 (SUBJECT)永远都只是从其自身中被割裂、被分裂并被异化的 (见：异化[ALIENATION])。分裂是不可化约的，是永远无法被治愈的，没有任何综合的可能性。

‌‌‌‌　　分裂的或割裂的主体是由杠 (BAR)所象征的，这道杠划掉了S从而产生了被画杠的主体：8 (见：E, 288)。分裂表示了一种充分呈现的自我意识之理想的不可能性，主体永远都不会完全认识自己，而是始终会被切除出他自己的认识。因而，分裂便指明了无意识的在场，并且是一个能指的效果。主体是分裂的，恰恰因为他是一个言说的存在 (见：E, 269),因为言语把能述 (ENUNCIATION)的主体与所述的主体割裂了开来。在其1964一1965年度的研讨班上，拉康则根据真理与知识 (savoir)之间的割裂来理论化分裂的主体 (见：Ec, 856)。

‌‌‌‌　　(refente) Freud talks about the 'splitting of the ego' (Ger. Ich-spaltung, Fr. Clivage dumoi) as a process, observable in fetishism and psychosis, whereby two contradictoryattitudes to reality come to exist side by side in the ego; those of acceptance andDISAVOWAL (see Freud, 1940b). Lacan amplifies the concept of Spaltung (which heprefers to translate by the term refente; see S8,144) to designate not a process unique tofetishism or psychosis but a general characteristic of subjectity itself; the SUBJECT cannever be anything other than divided, split, alienated from himself (see ALIENATION). The split is irreducible, can never be healed; there is no possibility of synthesis.

‌‌‌‌　　The split or divided subject is symbolised by the BAR which strikes through the S toproduce the barred subject, (see E, 288). The split denotes the impossibility of the idealof a fully present self-consciousness; the subject will never know himself completely, butwill always be cut off from his own knowledge. It thus indicates the presence of theunconscious, and is an effect of the signifier. The subject is split by the very fact that heis a speaking being (E, 269), since speech divides the subject of the ENUNCIATIONfrom the subject of the statement. In his seminar of 1964-5 Lacan theorises the splitsubject in terms of a division between truth and knowledge (savoir)(see Ec, 856).