‌‌‌‌　　德：Gestalt

‌‌‌‌　　“格式塔”是一个德语单词，意指一种组织化的模式或整体，它具有不同于其孤立组成部分的那些特征。有关格式塔的实验研究始于1910年针对某些知觉现象的研究，并且促成了以“格式塔心理学”著称的一个思想学派，该学派立基于心灵与身体的完型概念，同时强调躯体表象在心理上的重要性。这些理念构成了由保罗·古德曼①、弗里茨·皮尔斯2以及拉尔夫·赫夫兰3等人发展起来的格式塔疗法的基础。

‌‌‌‌　　当拉康提及格式塔的时候，他明确是在指涉一种组织化的模式，即同种的另一成员被知觉为一个统一整体的视觉形象。这样一种形象之所以是格式塔，是因为它具有其各个组成部分在孤立存在时所不具备的某种效应；此种效应即在于它充当着一种“释放机制”(法：déclencheur),能够触发诸如繁殖行为之类的某些本能反应 (S1,121f)。换句话说，当动物感知到其同种的另一成员的统整形象时，它便会以某些本能的方式做出反应。关于这类针对形象做出的本能反应，拉康举出了很多来自动物行为学的例子（例如：E, 3), 但是他的主要兴趣还在于格式塔作用于人类的方式。对于人类而言，身体形象也同样是一个会产生各种本能反应的格式塔，尤其是那些性行为反应，但是形象的力量又不仅仅是本能性的；它构成了镜像 (SPECULAR IMAGE)的基本捕获性力量（见：捕获[CAPTATION])。正是通过认同身体形象的统整格式塔，自我才得以在镜子阶段中构成。然而，自我的这种想象的统一性，却会不断地受到在碎裂的身体 (FRAGMENTED BODY)的形象中表现出来的崩解的恐惧所威胁；这些形象恰恰代表着身体形象的统整格式塔的对立面。

‌‌‌‌　　Gestalt is a German word meaning an organised pattern or whole which has propertiesother than those of its components in isolation. The experimental study of gestalts beganin 1910 with the study of certain phenomena of perception, and led to a school of thoughtknown as 'gestalt psychology'which was based on a holistic concept of mind and bodyand which stressed the psychological importance of body presentation. These ideasformed the basis of Gestalt therapy as developed by Paul Goodman, Fritz Perls and Ralph Hefferline.

‌‌‌‌　　When Lacan refers to the gestalt, he refers specifically to one kind of organisedpattern, namely the visual image of another member of the same species, which isperceived as a unified whole. Such an image is a gestalt because it has an effect whichnone of its component parts have in isolation; this effect is to act as a 'releasingmechanism' (Fr. Declencheur) which triggers certain instinctual responses, suchasreproductive behaviour (S1,121f). In other words, when an animal perceives a unifiedimage of another member of its species, it responds in certain instinctual ways. Lacangives many examples from ethology of such instinctual responses to images (e.g.E, 3), but his main interest is in the way the gestalt functions in human beings. For humans thebody image is also a gestalt which produces instinctual responses, especially sexual ones, but the power of the image is also more than merely instinctual; it constitutes theessential captivating power of the SPECULAR IMAGE (see CAPTATION). It is byidentifying with the unified gestalt of the body image that the ego is formed in the mirrorstage. However, the imaginary unity of the ego is constantly threatened by fears of disintegration,which manifest themselves in images of the FRAGMENTED BODY;these images represent the opposite of the unified gestalt of the body image.