‌‌‌‌　　英：paranoia; 法：paranoia; 德：Paranoia

‌‌‌‌　　偏执狂是以妄想 (DELUSIONS)为主要特征的一种精神病 (PSYCHOSIS)的形式。弗洛伊德治疗偏执狂患者的经验有限，而他在此一主题上涉猎最广的著作也不是对治疗过程的记录，而是对一例男性偏执狂患者（一位名叫丹尼尔·保罗·施瑞伯[Daniel Paul Schreber]的法官）的回忆录所做的分析 (Freud, I9IIc)。正是在这部著作中，弗洛伊德提出了他把偏执狂视作一种针对同性恋的防御的理论，并且指出偏执狂妄想的不同形式皆是以否定“我（一个男人）爱他”这一措辞的不同方式为基础的。

‌‌‌‌　　拉康对偏执狂的兴趣在时间上早于他对精神分析的兴趣，“偏执狂”是他的第一部主要著作，即他的博士论文的主题 (Lacan, 1932)。在这部著作中，拉康讨论了一位女性精神病患者，他将其称为“爱美”(Aimée) 2, 并将其诊断为患有“自罚型偏执狂”(英：self-punishment paranoia; 法：paranoia d'autopunition)这是由拉康自己所提出的一种全新的临床范畴。在其1955一1956年度的研讨班上，拉康又返回了偏执狂的主题，他将此期研讨班专门用于对施瑞伯个案的持续评论。拉康觉得弗洛伊德有关偏执狂的同性恋根源的理论并不充分，并转而提出他自己的理论，把排除 (FORECLOSURE)看作精神病的特定机制。

‌‌‌‌　　如同所有临床结构一样，偏执狂也以一种特别鲜明的方式揭示了精神的某些基本特征：自我具有一种偏执狂式的结构（E, 20),因为它是偏执狂异化的地点 (E, 5)。“认识”(connaissance)本身也是偏执狂式的(E,2,3,17)。精神分析治疗的过程势必会在人类主体身上引入一种有控制的偏执狂(E,15)。

‌‌‌‌　　(paranoia) Paranoia is a form of PSYCHOSIS characterisedprincipally byDELUSIONS. Freud's experience of treating paranoiacswas limited, and his mostextensive work on the subject is not the record of a course of treatment, but the analysisof the written memoirs of a paranoiac man (a judge by the name of Daniel Paul Schreber)(Freud, 1911c). It is in this work that Freud puts forward his theory that paranoia is adefence against homosexuality, arguing that the different forms of paranoiac delusion arebased on different ways of negating the phrase 'I (a man) love him'.

‌‌‌‌　　Lacan's interest in paranoia predates his interest in psychoanalysis; it is the subject ofhis first major work, his doctoral dissertation (Lacan, 1932). In this work, Lacandiscusses a psychotic woman whom he calls 'Aimee', whom he diagnoses as sufferingfrom 'self-punishment paranoia' (paranoia d'autopunition)-a new clinical categoryproposed by Lacan himself. Lacan returns to the subject of paranoia in his seminar of1955-6, which he devotes to a sustained commentary on the Schreber case. Lacan finds Freud's theory about the homosexual roots of paranoia inadequate and proposes insteadhis own theory of FORECLOSURE as the specific mechanism of psychosis.

‌‌‌‌　　Like all clinical structures, paranoia reveals in a particularly vivid way certain basicfeatures of the psyche. The ego has a paranoiac structure (E, 20) because it is the site of aparanoiac alienation (E, 5). Knowledge (connaissance) itself is paranoiac (E, 2,3,17) The process of psychoanalytic treatment induces controlled paranoia into the humansubject (E, 15).