‌‌‌‌　　法：méconnaissance

‌‌‌‌　　法文术语“meconnaissance'”大致对应着英文单词中的“误解”(misunderstanding)与“误识”(misrecognition)。然而，在把拉康著作翻译成英文的时候，通常都会不加翻译地原样保留这一法文术语，以便显示出它与术语“认识”(connaissance)之间的密切关系 (见：认识/知识[KNOWLEDGE])。因而，在想象秩序中，“自我认识”(me-connaissance)便是“误认”(meconnaissance)的同义词，因为自我 (EGO)在镜子阶段中得以形成的过程同时也是从存在的象征性规定 (symbolic determination of being)中异化出来的开始。

‌‌‌‌　　除了作为正常神经症患者的自我认识的结构之外，“误认”同样是偏执狂患者的妄想 (DELUSIONS)的结构，因为妄想是根据“对于现实的系统性误认”(meconnaissance systematique de larealite)来描述的 (Lacan, 1951b:12)。在正常自我建构与偏执狂妄想之间的这一结构性同源，导致拉康把神经症与精神病中的全部认识 (connaissance)统统描述为“偏执狂的认识”(paranoiacknowledge).

‌‌‌‌　　“误认”还需要与“无知”(ignorance)区分开来，后者是三种激情中的一种 (见：情感[AFFECT])。无知是对于知识匮乏的一种激情，而误认则是对于主体在某处确实拥有的象征性知识 (savoir)的一种想象性误识。

误认不是无知。误认代表着主体所依附的那些肯定与否定已然经过某种组织化。因此，误认便无法在没有相关知识的情况下来设想…在他的误认背后，必定存在着某种知识涉及要被误认的事物。

(S1,167)

‌‌‌‌　　再者，这在正常自我建构与偏执狂中亦是同样适用的。就前者的情况而言，自我基本上是对于主体性的那些象征性决定因素 (大他者的话语，即无意识)的某种误认。就后者的情况而言，偏执狂的妄想也总是隐含着对于真理的某种模糊性认识：“误认 (meconnaitre)即隐含着某种承认 (reconnaissance),正如在系统性误认 (meconnaissance systematique)中明显可见的那样，我们必须承认的是，其中遭到否认的事物也是以某种方式而得到承认 (reconnu)的”(Ec, 165)。

‌‌‌‌　　The French termmeconnaissance corresponds roughly to the English words'misunderstanding'and 'misrecognition'. However, the French term is usually leftuntranslated when translating Lacan into English in order to show its close relationshipwith the term connaissance (KNOWLEDGE). Thus, in the imaginary order, self-knowledge (me-connaissance) is synonymous with misunderstanding (meconnaissance), because the process by which the EGO is formed in the mirror stage is at the same timethe institution of alienation from the symbolic determination of being.

‌‌‌‌　　As well as being the structure of ordinary neurotic self-knowledge, meconnaissance isalso the structure of paranoiac DELUSIONS, which are described in terms of ameconnaissance systematique de la realite (Lacan, 1951b:12). This structural homologybetween the ordinary constitution of the ego and paranoiac delusions is what leads Lacanto describe all knowledge (connaissance), in both neurosis and psychosis, as paranoiacknowledge'.

‌‌‌‌　　Meconnaissance is to be distinguished from ignorance, which is one of the threepassions (see AFFECT). Whereas ignorance is a passion for the absence of knowledge, meconnaissance is an imaginary misrecognition of a symbolic knowledge (savoir) thatthe subject does possess somewhere.

Misrecognition is not ignorance. Misrecognition represents a certainorganisation of affirmations and negations, to which the subject isattached. Hence it cannot be conceived without correlate knowledge.... There must surely be, behind his misrecognition, a kind of knowledge ofwhat there is to misrecognise.

(S1,167)

‌‌‌‌　　Again, this applies both in the ordinary construction of the ego and in paranoia. In theformer case, the ego is basically a misrecognition of the symbolic determinants ofsubjectivity (the discourse of the Other, the unconscious). In the latter case, paranoiacdelusions always imply an obscure realisation of the truth;'To misunderstand (meconnaitrel implies a recognition [reconnaissancel, as is evident in systematicmisunderstanding [meconnaissance systematique/, where it must clearly be admitted thatthat which is denied is in some way recognised freconnu/' (Ec, 165).